The Second-person Standpoint

Why should we avoid doing moral wrong? The inability of philosophy to answer this question in a compelling mannerâe"along with the moral skepticism and ethical confusion that ensueâe"result, Stephen Darwall argues, from our failure to appreciate the essentially interpersonal character of moral obligation. After showing how attempts to vindicate morality have tended to change the subjectâe"falling back on nonmoral values or practical, first-person considerationsâe"Darwall elaborates the interpersonal nature of moral obligations: their inherent link to our responsibilities to one another as members of the moral community. As Darwall defines it, the concept of moral obligation has an irreducibly second-person aspect; it presupposes our authority to make claims and demands on one another. And so too do many other central notions, including those of rights, the dignity of and respect for persons, and the very concept of person itself. The result is nothing less than a fundamental reorientation of moral theory that enables it at last to account for morality's supreme authorityâe"an account that Darwall carries from the realm of theory to the practical world of second-person attitudes, emotions, and actions.