Mycotoxins, Endemic Nephropathy and Urinary Tract Tumours

This volume contains the Proceedings of an international meeting on "Mycotoxins, Endemic Nephropathy and Urinary Tract Tumours" held at IARC, Lyon. The 49 articles reflect current interest in the role of mycotoxins (known to be nephrotoxic to several animal species) in human diseases such as endemic nephropathy and urinary tract tumours prevalent in the Balkans and other countries. The aetiology of these diseases has long been obscure, but nephrotoxic mycotoxins, such as ochratoxin A, (OA) have recently emerged as key factors. Ochratoxins are produced by several Aspergillus and Penicillium species, OA being the most potent known animal nephrotoxin, producing kidney and liver tumours in two rodent species. Regulatory limits for the levels of OA in selected foods and feed have been set by several countries. New data on environmental occurence and human biomonitoring using new analytical methods are reviewed in this volume. An increasing body of data suggests that mycotoxin exposure is associated with nephropathy of people in the Balkan region where exposure may be endemic. The toxic effects of OA are described, including suppression of natural killer cells, inhibition of specific enzymes and induction of lipid peroxidation, adverse effects are also dealt with in this volume. Other contributions deal with the roles of genetics and drug metabolism in the nephrotoxic and carcinogenic effects. The volume concludes with a section on risk assessment of OA, based onfood residues as related to human health hazards. The volume also gives some guidance for future work in the identification of aetiological agents responsible for urinary tract cancer and nephropathy in the Balkans.