Luxury and modern architecture in Germany, 1900--1933

This dissertation examines the tension between the modern movement's theories and self-conceptions and its artistic output by studying the discourses of intellectuals and architects who framed the period debates and the architectural and domestic objects the movement produced. The lens through which it examines them is the period notion of luxury, rarely thought central to modernism given its interest in mass housing and mass production. The dissertation argues instead that modernism was conceived and sold through a combination of conformity to bourgeois expectations of luxury and redefinition of them--responding to and seeking to satisfy, but also reshape, the norms and desires of elites. It considers the foremost artists and architects of the period, who discussed the object's role in society while designing products, looking specifically at the design and marketing of electrical appliances by Peter Behrens at the AEG and in its Berlin stores, the relationship between consumption of Bauhaus objects and efforts at their mass production, and notions of interiority in the domestic commissions of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. In this study of how modern objects were designed, produced, and sold, the city becomes an agent--either through the assimilation of its forms and materials into the modern interior, or via new techniques and modes of display aimed at the urban dweller--as do objects themselves--through their potential reproducibility and their capacity to cultivate habits (as revealed by a reading of Walter Benjamin). The dissertation also reconstructs modernism's consumers, considering what objects and interiors indicate about social relations in the period, looking to both industrialists' and intellectuals' theories of production (for example Werner Sombart's Luxury and Capitalism ). The discourse of modernism called for a new focus on standard types and mass production, but this call revealed an important disconnect with existing design and production structures and the social practices supporting them. By examining how modern architecture and domestic objects were designed, manufactured, and sold, and to whom, this dissertation brings to light their status as luxury objects championing democratic and utopian implications but remaining stubbornly out of the reach of the people they purported to serve.